General Discussion Forum

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  It is October the 28th.  Here is today in history.

• 97 – Emperor Nerva is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus as his heir and successor.
• 306 – Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
• 312 – Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine I defeats Maxentius, becoming the sole Roman emperor.
• 456 – The Visigoths brutally sack the Suebi's capital of Braga (Portugal), churches are burnt to the ground.
• 969 – Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Arabs is completed three days later, when reinforcements under Peter Phokas arrive.
• 1061 – Empress Agnes, acting as regent for her son, brings about the election of bishop Cadalus, the antipope Honorius II.
• 1516 – Battle of Yaunis Khan: Turkish forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mameluks near Gaza.
• 1531 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
• 1538 – The first university in the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is established.
• 1628 – The Siege of La Rochelle, which had lasted for 14 months, ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
• 1636 – A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes the first college in what would become the United States, today known as Harvard University.
• 1664 – The Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, later to be known as the Royal Marines, is established.
• 1707 – The 1707 Hōei earthquake causes more than 5,000 deaths in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyūshū, Japan
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: A British proclamation forbids residents from leaving Boston.
• 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of White Plains – British Army forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans.
• 1834 – The Battle of Pinjarra is fought in the Swan River Colony in present-day Pinjarra, Western Australia. Between 14 and 40 Aborigines are killed by British colonists.
• 1835 – The United Tribes of New Zealand is established with the signature of the Declaration of Independence.
• 1848 – The first railroad in Spain – between Barcelona and Mataró – is opened.
• 1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road (also known as the Second Battle of Fair Oaks) ends – Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant withdraw from Fair Oaks, Virginia, after failing to breach the Confederate defenses around Richmond, Virginia.
• 1886 – In New York Harbor, President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.
• 1891 – The Mino-Owari earthquake, the largest inland earthquake in Japan's history, strikes Gifu Prefecture.
• 1893 – Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, Pathétique, receives its première performance in St. Petersburg, only nine days before the composer's death.
• 1915 – Richard Strauss conducts the first performance of his tone poem Eine Alpensinfonie in Berlin.
• 1918 – World War I: Czechoslovakia is granted independence from Austria-Hungary marking the beginning of an independent Czechoslovak state, after 300 years.
• 1918 – A new Polish government in Western Galicia is established.
• 1919 – The U.S. Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, paving the way for Prohibition to begin the following January.
• 1922 – March on Rome: Italian fascists led by Benito Mussolini march on Rome and take over the Italian government.
• 1928 – Declaration of the Youth Pledge in Indonesia, the first time Indonesia Raya, now the national anthem, was sung.
• 1929 – Black Monday, a day in the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which also saw major stock market upheaval.
• 1940 – World War II: Greece rejects Italy's ultimatum. Italy invades Greece through Albania, marking Greece's entry into World War II.
• 1942 – The Alaska Highway (Alcan Highway) is completed through Canada to Fairbanks, Alaska.
• 1948 – Swiss chemist Paul Müller is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT.
• 1958 – John XXIII, is elected Pope.
• 1962 – End of Cuban missile crisis: Nikita Khrushchev orders to remove the Soviet missiles from Cuba.
• 1964 – Vietnam War: U.S. officials deny any involvement in bombing North Vietnam.
• 1965 – Nostra Aetate, the "Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions" of the Second Vatican Council, is promulgated by Pope Paul VI; it absolves the Jews of responsibility for the death of Jesus, reversing Innocent III's 760 year-old declaration.
• 1965 – Construction on the St. Louis Arch is completed.
• 1971 – Britain launches the satellite Prospero into low Earth orbit atop a Black Arrow carrier rocket, the only British satellite to date launched by a British rocket.
• 1982 – The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party wins elections, leading to the first Socialist government in Spain after death of Franco. Felipe Gonzalez becomes Prime Minister-elect.
• 1990 – The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic holds the first multiparty legislature election in the country's history.
• 1995 – 289 people are killed and 265 injured in Baku Metro fire, the deadliest subway disaster.
• 1998 – An Air China jetliner is hijacked by disgruntled pilot Yuan Bin and flown to Taiwan.
• 2005 – Plame affair: Lewis Libby, Vice-president Dick Cheney's chief of staff, is indicted in the Valerie Plame case. Libby resigns later that day.
• 2006 – The funeral service takes place for those executed at Bykivnia forest, outside Kiev, Ukraine. 817 Ukrainian civilians (out of some 100,000) executed by Bolsheviks at Bykivnia in 1930s – early 1940s are reburied.
• 2006 – Terrorists of Bangladeshi political party Awami League killed 14 opposition party leaders in public by a sudden attack to their meeting with oars and sculls.
• 2007 – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner becomes the first woman elected President of Argentina.
• 2009 – The 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing kills 117 and wounds 213.
• 2009 – NASA successfully launches the Ares I-X mission, the only rocket launch for its later-cancelled Constellation program.

Peace!

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  It is October the 29th.  Here is today in history!

• 312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand adventus in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and beheaded.
• 437 – Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople unifying the two branches of the House of Theodosius.
• 969 – Byzantine troops occupy Antioch Syria.
• 1268 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic church.
• 1390 – First trial for witchcraft in Paris leading to the death of three people.
• 1422 – Charles VII of France becomes king in succession to his father Charles VI of France.
• 1467 – Battle of Brustem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege.
• 1611 – Russian homage to the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa.
• 1618 – English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.
• 1658 – Battle of the Sound.
• 1665 – Battle of Ambuila, in which Portuguese forces defeat the forces of the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitated king Antonio I of Kongo, also called Nvita a Nkanga.
• 1675 – Leibniz makes the first use of the long s (∫) as a symbol of the integral in calculus.
• 1787 – Mozart's opera Don Giovanni receives its first performance in Prague.
• 1792 – Mount Hood (Oregon) is named after the British naval officer Alexander Arthur Hood by Lt. William E. Broughton who spotted the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River.
• 1863 – Eighteen countries meet in Geneva and agree to form the International Red Cross.
• 1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie – Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant repel a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.
• 1886 – The first ticker-tape parade takes place in New York City when office workers spontaneously throw ticker tape into the streets as the Statue of Liberty is dedicated.
• 1888 – The Convention of Constantinople is signed, guaranteeing free maritime passage through the Suez Canal during war and peace.
• 1901 – In Amherst, Massachusetts nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine.
• 1901 – Capital punishment: Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of U.S. President William McKinley, is executed by electrocution.
• 1918 – The German High Seas Fleet is incapacitated when sailors mutiny on the night of the 29th-30th, an action which would trigger the German Revolution of 1918–1919.
• 1921 – The Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Reclamation Project, is completed.
• 1921 – Second trial of Sacco and Vanzetti in the United States of America.
• 1921 – The Harvard University football team loses to Centre College, ending a 25 game winning streak. This is considered one of the biggest upsets in college football.
• 1922 – The King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, appoints Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister.
• 1923 – Turkey becomes a republic following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
• 1929 – The New York Stock Exchange crashes in what will be called the Crash of '29 or "Black Tuesday", ending the Great Bull Market of the 1920s and beginning the Great Depression.
• 1941 – The Holocaust: In the Kaunas Ghetto over 10,000 Jews are shot by German occupiers at the Ninth Fort, a massacre known as the "Great Action".
• 1942 – The Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews.
• 1944 – The city of Breda in the Netherlands is liberated by 1st Polish Armoured Division.
• 1945 – Getulio Vargas, president of Brazil, resigns.
• 1948 – Safsaf massacre.
• 1953 – BCPA Flight 304 DC-6 crashes near San Francisco, California. Pianist William Kapell is among the 19 killed.
• 1955 – The Soviet battleship Novorossiisk strikes a World War II mine in the harbor at Sevastopol.
• 1956 – Suez Crisis begins: Israeli forces invade the Sinai Peninsula and push Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.
• 1956 – The Tangier Protocol is signed: The international city Tangier is reintegrated into Morocco.
• 1957 – Israel's prime minister David Ben-Gurion and five of his ministers are injured when a hand grenade is tossed into Israel's parliament, the Knesset.
• 1960 – In Louisville, Kentucky, Cassius Clay (who later takes the name Muhammad Ali) wins his first professional fight.
• 1961 – Syria exits from the United Arab Republic.
• 1964 – The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed the United Republic of Tanzania.
• 1964 – A collection of irreplaceable gems, including the 565 carat (113 g) Star of India, is stolen by a group of thieves (among them is "Murph the surf") from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
• 1967 – London criminal Jack McVitie is murdered by the Kray twins, leading to their eventual imprisonment and downfall.
• 1967 – Montreal's World Fair, Expo 67, closes with over 50 million visitors.
• 1969 – The first-ever computer-to-computer link is established on ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet.
• 1971 – In Macon, Georgia, guitarist Duane Allman is killed in a motorcycle accident.
• 1980 – Demonstration flight of a secretly modified C-130 for an Iran hostage crisis rescue attempt ends in crash landing at Eglin Air Force Base's Duke Field, Florida leading to cancellation of Operation Credible Sport.
• 1983 – Over 500,000 people demonstrate against cruise missiles in The Hague, Netherlands.
• 1985 – Major General Samuel K. Doe is announced the winner of the first multi-party election in Liberia.
• 1986 – British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher opens the last stretch of the M25 motorway.
• 1991 – The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
• 1994 – Francisco Martin Duran fires over two dozen shots at the White House (Duran is later convicted of trying to kill US President Bill Clinton).
• 1998 – Apartheid: In South Africa, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission presents its report, which condemns both sides for committing atrocities.
• 1998 – Space Shuttle Discovery blasts off on STS-95 with 77-year old John Glenn on board, making him the oldest person to go into space.
• 1998 – ATSC HDTV broadcasting in the United States is inaugurated with the launch of STS-95 space shuttle mission.
• 1998 – While en route from Adana to Ankara, a Turkish Airlines flight with a crew of 6 and 33 passengers is hijacked by a Kurdish militant who orders the pilot to fly to Switzerland. The plane instead lands in Ankara after the pilot tricked the hijacker into thinking that he is landing in the Bulgarian capital of Sofia to refuel.
• 1998 – Hurricane Mitch, the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in history, makes landfall in Honduras.
• 1998 – The Gothenburg nightclub fire in Sweden kills 63 and injures 200.
• 1999 – A large cyclone devastates Orissa, India.
• 2002 – Ho Chi Minh City ITC Inferno, a fire destroys a luxurious department store where 1500 people are shopping. Over 60 people die and over 100 are unaccounted for. It is the deadliest disaster in Vietnam during peacetime.
• 2004 – The Arabic news network Al Jazeera broadcasts an excerpt from a video of Osama bin Laden in which the terrorist leader first admits direct responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks and references the 2004 U.S. presidential election.
• 2005 – Bombings in Delhi kill more than 60.
• 2008 – Delta Air Lines merges with Northwest Airlines, creating the world's largest airline and reducing the number of US legacy carriers to 5.

Peace!

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  It is October the 30th.  Here is today in history.

• 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates.
• 1137 – Battle of Rignano between Ranulf of Apulia and Roger II of Sicily.
• 1226 – Tran Thu Do, head of the Tran clan of Vietnam, forces Ly Hue Tong, the last emperor of the Ly dynasty, to commit suicide.
• 1270 – The Eighth Crusade and siege of Tunis end by an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (brother to King Louis IX of France, who had died months earlier) and the sultan of Tunis.
• 1340 – Portuguese and Castilian forces halt a Marinid invasion at the Battle of Río Salado.
• 1485 – King Henry VII of England is crowned.
• 1501 – Ballet of Chestnuts – a banquet held by Cesare Borgia in the Papal Palace where fifty prostitutes or courtesans are in attendance for the entertainment of the guests.
• 1806 – Believing he is facing a much larger force, Prussian Lieutenant General Friedrich von Romberg, commanding 5,300 men, surrendered the city of Stettin to 800 French soldiers commanded by General Lassalle.
• 1831 – In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.
• 1863 – Danish Prince Wilhelm arrives in Athens to assume his throne as George I, King of the Hellenes.
• 1864 – Second war of Schleswig ends. Denmark renounces all claim to Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, which come under Prussian and Austrian administration.
• 1864 – Helena, Montana is founded after four prospectors discover gold at "Last Chance Gulch".
• 1894 – Domenico Melegatti obtains a patent for a procedure to be applied in producing pandoro industrially.
• 1905 – Czar Nicholas II of Russia grants Russia's first constitution, creating a legislative assembly.
• 1918 – The Ottoman Empire signs an armistice with the Allies, ending the First World War in the Middle East.
• 1920 – The Communist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney.
• 1922 – Benito Mussolini is made Prime Minister of Italy.
• 1925 – John Logie Baird creates Britain's first television transmitter.
• 1929 – The Stuttgart Cable Car is constructed in Stuttgart, Germany.
• 1938 – Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, causing anxiety in some of the audience in the United States.
• 1941 – World War II: Franklin Delano Roosevelt approves U.S. $1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Allied nations.
• 1941 – 1,500 Jews from Pidhaytsi (in western Ukraine) are sent by Nazis to Belzec extermination camp.
• 1942 – Lt. Tony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and canteen assistant Tommy Brown from HMS Petard board U-559, retrieving material which would lead to the decryption of the German Enigma code.
• 1944 – Anne Frank and sister Margot Frank are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
• 1945 – Jackie Robinson of the Kansas City Monarchs signs a contract for the Brooklyn Dodgers to break the baseball color barrier.
• 1947 – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which is the foundation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), is founded.
• 1950 – Pope Pius XII witnesses "The Miracle of the Sun" while at the Vatican.
• 1953 – Cold War: U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document National Security Council Paper No. 162/2, which states that the United States' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.
• 1960 – Michael Woodruff performs the first successful kidney transplant in the United Kingdom at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.
• 1961 – Nuclear testing: The Soviet Union detonates the hydrogen bomb Tsar Bomba over Novaya Zemlya; at 50 megatons of yield, it is still the largest explosive device ever detonated, nuclear or otherwise.
• 1961 – Because of "violations of Lenin's precepts", it is decreed that Joseph Stalin's body be removed from its place of honour inside Lenin's tomb and buried near the Kremlin wall with a plain granite marker instead.
• 1965 – Vietnam War: Just miles from Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by wave after wave of Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. Among the dead, a sketch of Marine positions is found on the body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.
• 1970 – In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in six years causes large floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War.
• 1972 – A collision between two commuter trains in Chicago, Illinois kills 45 and injures 332.
• 1973 – The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus for the first time.
• 1974 – The Rumble in the Jungle boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman takes place in Kinshasa, Zaire.
• 1975 – Prince Juan Carlos becomes Spain's acting head of state, taking over for the country's ailing dictator, Gen. Francisco Franco.
• 1980 – El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.
• 1983 – The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held.
• 1985 – Space Shuttle Challenger lifts off for mission STS-61-A, its final successful mission.
• 1987 – In Japan, NEC releases the first 16-bit (fourth generation) video game console, the PC Engine, which is later sold in other markets under the name TurboGrafx-16.
• 1991 – The Madrid Conference for Middle East peace talks opens.
• 1993 – The Troubles: The Ulster Defence Association, an Ulster loyalist paramilitary, carry out a mass shooting at a Halloween party in Greysteel, Northern Ireland. Eight civilians are killed and thirteen wounded.
• 2000 – The last Multics machine is shut down.
• 2005 – The rebuilt Dresden Frauenkirche (destroyed in the firebombing of Dresden during World War II) is reconsecrated after a thirteen-year rebuilding project.

Peace!

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  Happy Halloween!  Today is October the 31st.  Here is today in history.

• 475 – Romulus Augustulus is proclaimed Western Roman Emperor.
• 1517 – Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.
• 1587 – Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575.
• 1822 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide attempts to dissolve the Mexican Empire.
• 1861 – American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.
• 1863 – The Maori Wars resumes as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato.
• 1864 – Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.
• 1876 – A monster cyclone ravages India, resulting in over 200,000 deaths.
• 1913 – Dedication of the Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across United States.
• 1913 – The Indianapolis Street Car Strike and subsequent riot begins.
• 1917 – World War I: Battle of Beersheba – "last successful cavalry charge in history".
• 1923 – The first of 160 consecutive days of 100 degrees Fahrenheit at Marble Bar, Australia.
• 1924 – World Savings Day is announced in Milan, Italy by the Members of the Association at the 1st International Savings Bank Congress (World Society of Savings Banks).
• 1926 – Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that developed after his appendix ruptured.
• 1938 – Great Depression: In an effort to restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.
• 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Britain ends – the United Kingdom prevents a possible German invasion.
• 1941 – After 14 years of work, Mount Rushmore is completed.
• 1941 – World War II: The destroyer USS Reuben James is torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors. It is the first U.S. Navy vessel sunk by enemy action in WWII.
• 1943 – World War II: An F4U Corsair accomplishes the first successful radar-guided interception by a USN or USMC aircraft.
• 1944 – Dr. jur. Erich Göstl, a member of the Waffen SS, is awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, to recognise extreme battlefield bravery, after losing his face and eyes during the Battle of Normandy.
• 1956 – Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.
• 1961 – In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin's body is removed from Lenin's Tomb.
• 1963 – An explosion at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum (now Pepsi Coliseum) in Indianapolis kills 74 people during an ice skating show. The explosion also injures 400. A faulty propane tank connection in a concession stand is blamed.
• 1968 – Vietnam War October surprise: Citing progress with the Paris peace talks, US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1.
• 1973 – Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape. Three Provisional Irish Republican Army members escape from Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, Republic of Ireland aboard a hijacked helicopter that lands in the exercise yard.
• 1984 – Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by two security guards. Riots break out in New Delhi and nearly 10,000 Sikhs are killed.
• 1998 – Iraq disarmament crisis begins: Iraq announces it would no longer cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors.
• 1999 – Yachtsman Jesse Martin returns to Melbourne after 11 months of circumnavigating the world, solo, non-stop and unassisted.
• 2000 – Soyuz TM-31 launches, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been continuously crewed since.
• 2002 – A federal grand jury in Houston, Texas indicts former Enron Corp. chief financial officer Andrew Fastow on 78 counts of wire fraud, money laundering, conspiracy and obstruction of justice related to the collapse of his ex-employer.
• 2003 – Mahathir bin Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia and is replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, marking an end to Mahathir's 22 years in power.

Peace!

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  It is November the 1st.  Here is today in history.

• 365 – The Alamanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
• 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi (Austria in Old High German).
• 1179 – Philip II is crowned King of France.
• 1214 – The port city of Sinope surrenders to the Seljuq Turks.
• 1348 – The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro on the pretext that they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus "royalists."
• 1512 – The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, is exhibited to the public for the first time.
• 1520 – The Strait of Magellan, the passage immediately south of mainland South America connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans, is first discovered and navigated by by European explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the first recorded circumnavigation voyage.
• 1555 – French Huguenots establish the France Antarctique colony in present-day Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• 1570 – The All Saints' Flood devastates the Dutch coast.
• 1604 – William Shakespeare's tragedy Othello is presented for the first time, at Whitehall Palace in London.
• 1611 – William Shakespeare's romantic comedy The Tempest is presented for the first time, at Whitehall Palace in London.
• 1612 – (22 October O.S.) Time of Troubles in Russia: Moscow, Kitai-gorod, is captured by Russian troops under command of Dmitry Pozharsky
• 1683 – The British crown colony of New York is subdivided into 12 counties.
• 1688 – William III of Orange sets out a second time from Hellevoetsluis in the Netherlands to seize the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland from King James II of England during the Glorious Revolution.
• 1755 – Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing between sixty thousand and ninety thousand people.
• 1765 – The British Parliament enacts the Stamp Act on the 13 colonies in order to help pay for British military operations in North America.
• 1790 – Edmund Burke publishes Reflections on the Revolution in France, in which he predicts that the French Revolution will end in a disaster.
• 1800 – US President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
• 1805 – Napoleon Bonaparte invades Austria during the War of the Third Coalition.
• 1814 – Congress of Vienna opens to re-draw the European political map after the defeat of France, in the Napoleonic Wars.
• 1848 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merged with the Boston University School of Medicine), opens.
• 1859 – The current Cape Lookout, North Carolina, lighthouse is lit for the first time. Its first-order Fresnel lens can be seen for about 19 miles (30 kilometers), in good conditions.
• 1861 – American Civil War: US President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as the commander of the Union Army, replacing General Winfield Scott.
• 1870 – In the United States, the Weather Bureau (later renamed the National Weather Service) makes its first official meteorological forecast.
• 1876 – New Zealand's provincial government system is dissolved.
• 1884 – The Gaelic Athletic Association is set up in Hayes's Hotel in Thurles, County Tipperary.
• 1886 – Ananda College, a leading Buddhist school in Sri Lanka is established with 37 students.
• 1894 – Nicholas II becomes the new Tsar of Russia after his father, Alexander III, dies.
• 1896 – A picture showing the unclad (bare) breasts of a woman appears in National Geographic magazine for the first time.
• 1897 – The first Library of Congress building opened its doors to the public. The Library had been housed in the Congressional Reading Room in the U.S. Capitol.
• 1901 – Sigma Phi Epsilon, the largest national male collegiate fraternity is established at Richmond College, in Richmond, VA.
• 1911 – The first dropping of a bomb from an airplane in combat, during the Italo-Turkish War.
• 1914 – World War I: the first British Royal Navy defeat of the war with Germany, the Battle of Coronel, is fought off of the western coast of Chile, in the Pacific, with the loss of HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth.
• 1915 – Parris Island is officially designated a US Marine Corps Recruit Depot.
• 1916 – Paul Miliukov delivers in the State Duma the famous "stupidity or treason" speech, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.
• 1918 – Malbone Street Wreck: the worst rapid transit accident in US history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 deaths.
• 1918 – Western Ukraine gains its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• 1918 – Banat Republic is founded.
• 1920 – American Fishing Schooner Esperanto defeats the Canadian Fishing Schooner Delawana in the First International Fishing Schooner Championship Races in Halifax.
• 1922 – The last sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI, abdicates.
• 1928 – The Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet, replacing the version of the Arabic alphabet previously used, comes into force in Turkey.
• 1937 – Stalinists execute Pastor Paul Hamberg and seven members of Azerbaijan's Lutheran community.
• 1938 – Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral in an upset victory during a match race deemed "the match of the century" in horse racing.
• 1939 – The first rabbit born after artificial insemination is exhibited to the world.
• 1941 – American photographer Ansel Adams takes a picture of a moonrise over the town of Hernandez, New Mexico that would become one of the most famous images in the history of photography.
• 1942 – Matanikau Offensive begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on November 4.
• 1943 – World War II: Battle of Empress Augusta Bay, United States Marines, the 3rd Marine Division, land on Bougainville in the Solomon Islands.
• 1943 – World War II: In support of the landings on Bougainville, U.S. aircraft carrier forces attack the huge Japanese base at Rabaul.
• 1944 – World War II: Units of the British Army land at Walcheren in the Netherlands.
• 1945 – The official North Korean newspaper, Rodong Sinmun, is first published under the name Chongro.
• 1945 – Australia joins the United Nations.
• 1946 – The New York Knicks played against the Toronto Huskies at the Maple Leaf Gardens, in the first Basketball Association of America game. The Knicks would win 68–66.
• 1948 – Off southern Manchuria, 6,000 people are killed as a Chinese merchant ship explodes and sinks.
• 1948 – Athenagoras I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is enthroned.
• 1950 – Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempt to assassinate US President Harry S. Truman at Blair House.
• 1950 – Pope Pius XII claims papal infallibility when he formally defines the dogma of the Assumption of Mary.
• 1951 – Operation Buster-Jangle: 6,500 American soldiers are exposed to 'Desert Rock' atomic explosions for training purposes in Nevada. Participation is not voluntary.
• 1952 – Operation Ivy – The United States successfully detonates the first large hydrogen bomb, codenamed "Mike" ["M" for megaton], in the Eniwetok atoll, located in the Marshall Islands in the central Pacific Ocean. The explosion had a yield of 10 megatons.
• 1953 – Andhra Pradesh attained statehood on 1 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital.
• 1954 – The Front de Libération Nationale fires the first shots of the Algerian War of Independence.
• 1955 – The bombing of United Airlines Flight 629 occurs near Longmont, Colorado, killing all 39 passengers and five crew members aboard the Douglas DC-6B airliner.
• 1956 – The Indian states Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Mysore state are formally created under the States Reorganisation Act.
• 1956 – In India, Kanyakumari district was joined to Tamilnadu state from Kerala.
• 1957 – The Mackinac Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages at the time, opens to traffic connecting Michigan's upper and lower peninsulas.
• 1959 – Montreal Canadiens goaltender Jacques Plante wears a protective mask for the first time in an NHL game.
• 1959 – In Rwanda, Hutu politician Dominique Mbonyumutwa is beaten up by Tutsi forces, leading to a period of violence known as the wind of destruction.
• 1960 – While campaigning for President of the United States, John F. Kennedy announces his idea of the Peace Corps.
• 1961 – 50,000 women in 60 cities participate in the inaugural Women Strike for Peace (WSP) against nuclear proliferation.
• 1963 – The Arecibo Observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, with the largest radio telescope ever constructed, officially opens.
• 1968 – The Motion Picture Association of America's film rating system is officially introduced, originating with the ratings G, M, R, and X.
• 1970 – Club Cinq-Sept fire in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France kills 146 young people.
• 1973 – Watergate Scandal: Leon Jaworski is appointed as the new Watergate Special Prosecutor.
• 1973 – The Indian state of Mysore is renamed as Karnataka to represent all the regions within Karunadu.
• 1981 – Antigua and Barbuda gain independence from the United Kingdom.
• 1982 – Honda becomes the first Asian automobile company to produce cars in the United States with the opening of their factory in Marysville, Ohio. The Honda Accord is the first car produced there.
• 1993 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union.
• 2000 – Serbia joins the United Nations.

Peace!

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  It is November the 2nd.  Here is today in history.

• 1410 – The Peace of Bicêtre between the Armagnac and Burgundian factions is signed.
• 1675 – King Philip's War: A combined effort by the Plymouth, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut colonies attacks the Great Swamp Fort, owned by the Narragansetts.
• 1769 – Don Gaspar de Portolà leads the first documented European visit to San Francisco Bay.
• 1772 – American Revolutionary War: Samuel Adams and Joseph Warren form the first Committee of Correspondence.
• 1783 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, US General George Washington gives his "Farewell Address to the Army".
• 1795 – The French Directory succeeds the French National Convention as the government of Revolutionary France.
• 1861 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.
• 1868 – Time zone: New Zealand officially adopts a standard time to be observed nationally
• 1882 – Oulu, Finland is devastated by the Great Oulu Fire of 1882
• 1889 – North and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states.
• 1895 – The first gasoline-powered race in the United States. First prize: $2,000
• 1898 – Cheerleading is started at the University of Minnesota with Johnny Campbell leading the crowd in cheering on the football team.
• 1899 – The Boers begin their 118 day siege of British held Ladysmith during the Second Boer War.
• 1909 – Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity is founded at Boston University.
• 1914 – Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
• 1917 – The Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" with the clear understanding "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".
• 1917 – The Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, in charge of preparation and carrying out the Russian Revolution, holds its first meeting.
• 1920 – In the United States, KDKA of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania starts broadcasting as the first commercial radio station. The first broadcast is the result of the U.S. presidential election, 1920.
• 1930 – Haile Selassie is crowned emperor of Ethiopia.
• 1936 – The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation is established.
• 1936 – Italian dictator Benito Mussolini proclaims the Rome-Berlin Axis, establishing the alliance of the Axis Powers.
• 1936 – The British Broadcasting Corporation initiates the BBC Television Service, the world's first regular, "high-definition" (then defined as at least 200 lines) service. Renamed BBC1 in 1964, the channel still runs to this day.
• 1940 – World War II: First day of Battle of Elaia–Kalamas between the Greeks and the Italians.
• 1947 – In California, designer Howard Hughes performs the maiden (and only) flight of the Spruce Goose or H-4 The Hercules; the largest fixed-wing aircraft ever built.
• 1949 – The Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference ends with the Netherlands agreeing to transfer sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to the United States of Indonesia.
• 1953 – The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan names the country The Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
• 1957 – The Levelland UFO Case in Levelland, Texas, generates national publicity.
• 1959 – Quiz show scandals: Twenty One game show contestant Charles Van Doren admits to a Congressional committee that he had been given questions and answers in advance.
• 1959 – The first section of the M1 motorway, the first inter-urban motorway in the United Kingdom, is opened between the present junctions 5 and 18, along with the M10 motorway and M45 motorway
• 1960 – Penguin Books is found not guilty of obscenity in the trial R v Penguin Books Ltd., the Lady Chatterley's Lover case
• 1963 – South Vietnamese President Ngô Ðình Diệm is assassinated following a military coup.
• 1964 – King Saud of Saudi Arabia is deposed by a family coup, and replaced by his half-brother King Faisal.
• 1965 – Norman Morrison, a 31-year-old Quaker, sets himself on fire in front of the river entrance to the Pentagon to protest the use of napalm in the Vietnam war.
• 1966 – The Cuban Adjustment Act comes into force, allowing 123,000 Cubans the opportunity to apply for permanent residence in the United States.
• 1967 – Vietnam War: US President Lyndon B. Johnson and "The Wise Men" conclude that the American people should be given more optimistic reports on the progress of the war.
• 1973 – The Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Communist Party of India form a 'United Front' in the state of Tripura.
• 1974 – 78 die when the Time Go-Go Club in Seoul, South Korea burns down. Six of the victims jumped to their deaths from the seventh floor after a club official barred the doors after the fire started.
• 1983 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs a bill creating Martin Luther King, Jr. Day.
• 1984 – Capital punishment: Velma Barfield becomes the first woman executed in the United States since 1962.
• 1988 – The Morris worm, the first internet-distributed computer worm to gain significant mainstream media attention, is launched from MIT.
• 2000 – The first resident crew to the ISS docked in November 2nd on the Soyuz TM-31.
• 2007 – 50,000–100,000 people demonstrate against the Georgian government in Tbilisi.

Peace!

[Madelaine McMasters Advisor]

11-2-2004    Thousands of people attempt to book travel to the International Date Line after The Tonight Show airs a young women being queried on the street by Jay Leno saying, "I don't remember where it is, so I must have had an awesome time there!"

11-2-2009    A naked Morvin Rasmussin tells emergency room physicians that his bruises, lacerations and broken bones were caused by unidentified flying objects.

11-2-2009    Olympic gold medal discus thrower, Kelly McFarland, calls 911 to report being accosted by a streaker while jogging down the street in front of her Brooklyn brownstone.

11-2-2009    Brooklyn public works officials report the mysterious removal of dozens of manhole covers along Ocean Parkway. Neighborhood residents flooded 911 with reports of broken windows and loud noises described as "that funny hubcap sound you always hear at the end of cartoon car crashes".

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  Today is November the 3rd.  Here is today in history.

• 361 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia, on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.
• 644 – Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim caliph, is assassinated by a Persian slave in Medina.
• 1333 – The River Arno flooding causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani.
• 1468 – Liège is sacked by Charles I of Burgundy's troops.
• 1493 – Christopher Columbus first sights the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea.
• 1783 – John Austin, a highwayman, is the last person to be publicly hanged at London's Tyburn gallows.
• 1783 – The American Continental Army is disbanded.
• 1793 – French playwright, journalist and feminist Olympe de Gouges is guillotined.
• 1812 – Napoleon's armies are defeated at the Battle of Vyazma
• 1817 – The Bank of Montreal, Canada's oldest chartered bank, opens in Montreal, Quebec.
• 1838 – The Times of India, the world's largest circulated English language daily broadsheet newspaper is founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce.
• 1848 – A greatly revised Dutch constitution, drafted by Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, severely limiting the powers of the Dutch monarchy, and strengthening the powers of parliament and ministers, is proclaimed.
• 1867 – Garibaldi and his followers are defeated in the Battle of Mentana and fail to end the Pope's Temporal power in Rome (it would be achieved three years later).
• 1868 – John Willis Menard was the first African American elected to the United States Congress. Because of an electoral challenge, he was never seated.
• 1883 – American Old West: Self-described "Black Bart the poet" gets away with his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves a clue that eventually leads to his capture.
• 1898 – France withdraws its troops from Fashoda (now in Sudan), ending the Fashoda Incident.
• 1903 – With the encouragement of the United States, Panama separates from Colombia.
• 1911 – Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in competition with the Ford Model T.
• 1913 – The United States introduces an income tax.
• 1918 – Austria-Hungary enters into an armistice with the Allies, and the Habsburg-ruled empire dissolves.
• 1918 – Poland declares its independence from Russia.
• 1918 – The German Revolution of 1918–1919 begins when 40,000 sailors take over the port in Kiel.
• 1930 – Getúlio Dornelles Vargas becomes Head of the Provisional Government in Brazil after a bloodless coup on October 24.
• 1932 – Panagis Tsaldaris becomes the 142nd Prime Minister of Greece.
• 1935 – George II of Greece regains his throne through a popular plebiscite.
• 1942 – World War II: The Koli Point action begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on November 12.
• 1943 – World War II: 500 aircraft of the U.S. 8th Air Force devastate Wilhelmshafen harbor in Germany.
• 1944 – World War II: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals Ján Golian and Rudolf Viest are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces.
• 1957 – Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2. On board is the first animal to enter orbit, a dog named Laika.
• 1960 – The land that would become the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was established by an Act of Congress after a year-long legal battle that pitted local residents against Port Authority of New York and New Jersey officials wishing to turn the Great Swamp into a major regional airport for jet aircraft.
• 1964 – Washington D.C. residents are able to vote in a presidential election for the first time.
• 1967 – Vietnam War: The Battle of Dak To begins.
• 1969 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies.
• 1973 – Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 10 toward Mercury. On March 29, 1974, it becomes the first space probe to reach that planet.
• 1975 – Syed Nazrul Islam, A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman, Tajuddin Ahmad, and Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi politicians and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman loyalists, murdered in the Dhaka Central Jail.
• 1978 – Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
• 1979 – Greensboro massacre: Five members of the Communist Workers Party are shot dead and seven are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis during a "Death to the Klan" rally in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States.
• 1982 – The Salang tunnel fire in Afghanistan kills up to 2,000 people.
• 1986 – Iran-Contra Affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been secretly selling weapons to Iran in order to secure the release of seven American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.
• 1986 – The Federated States of Micronesia gain independence from the United States of America.
• 1988 – Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries try to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the coup attempt within 24 hours.
• 1996 – Death of Abdullah Çatlı, leader of the Turkish ultra-nationalist organisation Grey Wolves in the Susurluk car-crash, which leads to the resignation of the Turkish Interior Minister, Mehmet Ağar (a leader of the True Path Party, DYP).
• 1997 – The United States of America imposes economic sanctions against Sudan in response to its human rights abuses of its own citizens and its material and political assistance to Islamic extremist groups across the Middle East and Eastern Africa.

Peace!

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  It is November the 4th.  Here is today in history.

• 610 – Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor.
• 1227 – Assassination of Caliph al-Adil.
• 1363 – End of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the Chinese rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang defeat that of his rival, Chen Youliang, in one of the largest naval battles in history.
• 1511 – Formation of the Holy League of Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Papal States and the Republic of Venice against France.
• 1535 – The first complete English-language Bible (the Coverdale Bible) is printed, with translations by William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale.
• 1582 – Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar. In Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain, October 4 of this year is followed directly by October 15.
• 1636 – The Swedish Army defeats the armies of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Wittstock.
• 1693 – Battle of Marsaglia: Piedmontese troops are defeated by the French.
• 1725 – Foundation of Rosario in Argentina.
• 1777 – Battle of Germantown: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe.
• 1779 – The Fort Wilson Riot takes place.
• 1795 – Napoleon Bonaparte first rises to national prominence with a "Whiff of Grapeshot", using cannon to suppress armed counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the French Legislature (National Convention).
• 1824 – Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.
• 1830 – Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium after separation from the Netherlands.
• 1853 – Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia.
• 1876 – Texas A&M University opens as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, becoming the first public institution of higher education in Texas.
• 1883 – First run of the Orient Express.
• 1883 – First meeting of the Boys' Brigade in Glasgow, Scotland.
• 1895 – The first U.S. Open Men's Golf Championship administered by the United States Golf Association is played at the Newport Country Club in Newport, Rhode Island.
• 1917 – The Battle of Broodseinde fought between the British and German armies in Flanders.
• 1918 – An explosion kills more than 100 and destroys the T.A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant in Sayreville, New Jersey. Fires and explosions continue for three days forcing massive evacuations and spreading ordnance over a wide area, pieces of which were still being found as of 2007.
• 1927 – Gutzon Borglum begins sculpting Mount Rushmore.
• 1940 – Meeting between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini at the Brenner Pass.
• 1941 – Norman Rockwell's Willie Gillis character debuts on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post.
• 1943 – World War II: U.S. captures Solomon Islands.
• 1957 – Space Race: Launch of Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.
• 1957 – Avro Arrow roll-out ceremony at Avro Canada plant in Malton, Ontario.
• 1957 – Leave It To Beaver premieres on CBS.
• 1958 – Fifth Republic of France is established.
• 1960 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 375, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, crashes after a bird strike on takeoff from Boston's Logan International Airport, killing 62 of 72 on board.
• 1963 – Hurricane Flora, kills 6,000 in Cuba and Haiti.
• 1965 – Becoming the first Pope to ever visit the United States of America and the Western hemisphere, Pope Paul VI arrives in New York.
• 1966 – Basutoland becomes independent from the United Kingdom and is renamed Lesotho.
• 1967 – Omar Ali Saifuddin III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.
• 1974 – Founding of the New Democracy party in Greece.
• 1976 – Official launch of the Intercity 125 High Speed Train (HST).
• 1983 – Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 mph (1,019 km/h), driving Thrust 2 at the Black Rock Desert of Nevada.
• 1985 – Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts, United States.
• 1988 – U.S. televangelist Jim Bakker is indicted for fraud.
• 1991 – The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is opened for signature.
• 1992 – The Rome General Peace Accords ends a 16 year civil war in Mozambique.
• 1992 – El Al Flight 1862: an El Al Boeing 747-258F crashes into two apartment buildings in Amsterdam, killing 43 including 39 on the ground.
• 1993 – Russian Constitutional Crisis: In Moscow, tanks bombard the White House, a government building that housed the Russian parliament, while demonstrators against President Boris Yeltsin rally outside.
• 1997 – The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history occurs at the Charlotte, North Carolina office of Loomis, Fargo and Company. A Federal Bureau of Investigation investigation eventually results in 24 convictions and the recovery of approximately 95% of the $17.3 million in cash which had been taken.
• 2001 – NATO confirms invocation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.
• 2001 – Siberia Airlines Flight 1812: a Sibir Airlines Tupolev TU-154 crashes into the Black Sea after being struck by an errant Ukrainian S-200 missile. 78 people are killed.
• 2003 – Maxim restaurant suicide bombing in Haifa, Israel: 21 Israelis, Jews and Arabs, are killed, and 51 others wounded.
• 2004 – SpaceShipOne wins Ansari X Prize for private spaceflight, by being the first private craft to fly into space.
• 2010 – The Ajka plant accident in western Hungary releases about a million cubic metres (35 million cubic feet) of liquid alumina sludge. Nine people are killed and 122 injured, and the Marcal and Danube rivers are severely contaminated.

Peace!

[Hippie Bowman Advisor]

Good morning all!  It is Novembewr the 5th.  Here is today in history.

• 1138 – Ly Anh Tong is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, starting a 37-year reign.
• 1499 – Publication of the Catholicon in Tréguier (Brittany). This Breton-French-Latin dictionary was written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first Breton dictionary as well as the first French dictionary.
• 1530 – The St. Felix's Flood destroys the city of Reimerswaal in the Netherlands.
• 1605 – The arrest of Guy Fawkes, found during a search of the Palace of Westminster, foils Robert Catesby's plot to destroy the House of Lords and all within it.
• 1743 – Coordinated scientific observations of the transit of Mercury are organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.
• 1757 – Seven Years' War: Frederick the Great defeats the allied armies of France and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Rossbach.
• 1768 – Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the purpose of which is to adjust the boundary line between Indian lands and white settlements set forth in the Proclamation of 1763 in the Thirteen Colonies.
• 1780 – French-American forces under Colonel LaBalme are defeated by Miami Chief Little Turtle.
• 1811 – Salvadoran priest José Matías Delgado, rang the bells of La Merced church in San Salvador, calling for insurrection and launching the 1811 Independence Movement
• 1831 – Nat Turner, American slave leader, is tried, convicted, and sentenced to death in Virginia.
• 1838 – The Federal Republic of Central America begins to disintegrate when Nicaragua separates from the Federation.
• 1854 – Crimean War: The Battle of Inkerman.
• 1862 – American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln removes George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army for the second and final time.
• 1862 – American Indian Wars: In Minnesota, 303 Dakota warriors are found guilty of rape and murder of whites and are sentenced to hang. 38 are ultimately executed and the others reprieved.
• 1872 – Women's suffrage in the United States: In defiance of the law, suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time, and is later fined $100.
• 1895 – George B. Selden is granted the first U.S. patent for an automobile.
• 1911 – After declaring war on the Ottoman Empire on September 29, 1911, Italy annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica.
• 1913 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.
• 1916 – The Kingdom of Poland is proclaimed by the Act of November 5th of the emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary.
• 1916 – The Everett Massacre takes place in Everett, Washington as political differences lead to a shoot-out between the Industrial Workers of the World organizers and local police.
• 1917 – October Revolution: In Tallinn, Estonia, Communist leader Jaan Anvelt leads revolutionaries in overthrowing the Provisional Government (As Estonia and Russia are still using the Julian Calendar, subsequent period references show an October 23 date).
• 1917 – St. Tikhon of Moscow is elected the Patriarch of Moscow and of the Russian Orthodox Church.
• 1925 – Secret agent Sidney Reilly, the first "super-spy" of the 20th century, is executed by the OGPU, the secret police of the Soviet Union.
• 1937 – Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting and states his plans for acquiring "living space" for the German people.
• 1943 – Bombing of the Vatican.
• 1945 – Colombia joins the United Nations.
• 1950 – Korean War: British and Australian forces from the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade successfully halted the advancing Chinese 117th Division during the Battle of Pakchon.
• 1967 – The Hither Green rail crash in the United Kingdom kills 49 people. Survivors include Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees.
• 1970 – Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in Vietnam reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in five years (24).
• 1983 – Byford Dolphin diving bell accident kills five and leaves one severely injured.
• 1986 – USS Rentz, USS Reeves and USS Oldendorf visit Qingdao (Tsing Tao) China – the first US Naval visit to China since 1949.
• 1987 – Govan Mbeki is released from custody after serving 24 years of a life sentence for terrorism and treason.
• 1990 – Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the far-right Kach movement, is shot dead after a speech at a New York City hotel.
• 1995 – André Dallaire attempts to assassinate Prime Minister Jean Chrétien of Canada. He is thwarted when the Prime Minister's wife locks the door.
• 1996 – President of Pakistan Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari dismisses the government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and dissolves the National Assembly of Pakistan.
• 2003 – Green River Killer Gary Ridgway pleaded guilty to 48 counts of murder.
• 2006 – Saddam Hussein, former president of Iraq, and his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar are sentenced to death in the al-Dujail trial for the role in the massacre of the 148 Shi'as in 1982.
• 2007 – China's first lunar satellite, Chang'e 1 goes into orbit around the Moon.
• 2009 – US Army Major Nidal Malik Hasan kills 13 and wounds 29 at Fort Hood, Texas in the deadliest mass shooting at a US military installation.

Peace!